Presidential Royalty: Familial Dynasties As Seen Through Candidates for the U.S. Presidency

Authors: Alexandra Franchino ’21 & Gabriella Petrone ’21
Questions? Contact Us: arfranchino@muhlenberg.edu & gcpetrone@muhlenberg.edu
(John Bobby & Ted During John’s Presidential Campaign 1960; Friedersdorf 2015; Sobol 2015)

How Are Presidential Dynasties Demonstrated in Campaigns for the Presidency?

“And in this country of ours, the most improbable things can happen. Take that from the guy who met his first president on the day he was born, and the second on the day he was brought home from the hospital.”

Jeb Bush 2016, “Jeb Bush’s Campaign Launch”
(Lumauig 2015).

We are defining dynasty as family members of presidents who run for president and/or are elected for president. We are tracking linguistic similarities in campaign speeches, as well as potential attempts to distance themselves from their predecessor, as we look at the following dynastic groupings: John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Edward Kennedy; George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Jeb Bush; Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton. The primary sources that we’ve used were the American Presidency Project for campaign speeches given by the Bushes, Bill Clinton, and JFK, The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library for candidate speeches given by all the Kennedys, and the Iowa State University’s Archives of Women’s Political Communication for Hillary Clinton’s campaign speeches from both 2008 and 2016. We uploaded these speeches into a word cloud generator. In general, we’ve found links in the language used in the campaigns of our dynastic groupings, and these commonalities suggest an adherence to the dynastic connection between them. In addition to linguistic similarities, we looked at direct references from a successor to their dynastic predecessor to either connect themselves or move away from the dynastic legacy. It is difficult to separate these linguistic commonalities from the political party, but we claim that these groupings left an imprint on their respective parties.

Literary Discussions on Presidential Dynasties

Corrigan and Philips present common themes that exhibit the founders’ discussion and fear of a dynastic presidency (Corrigan 2008; Philips 2004). These scholars discuss the formation of the presidency, which included a rejection of monarchy, and even a concern about potential biological inheritance. Through these depictions, both Corrigan and Philips make similar claims about the founders’ hope to avoid the dynastic trends that have presented themselves within the presidency over time. Hess and Philips present scholarship on the potential trends of similarity between dynastic presidents, and the ways that members of certain dynasties mimic or model their predecessor. Through the execution of similar policies, biases, engagement in controversial wars, and geographical ambitions, these scholars reveal their belief that connections can be seen within the actions of dynastic presidents (Hess 2015; Philips 2004). Finally, Hess highlights the implications for contemporary importance of women now being able to hold office; rather than simply contributing to the dynasty through procreation, they can now actively participate as an office holder (Hess 2015). Also, Neiman et al. present a discussion of linguistic commonalities between the two primary political parties in America (Neiman et al. 2015). They provide a chart of the twenty most used words by each political party, demonstrating linguistic similarities within parties.

How Did We Pick the Speeches?

We initially analyzed speeches individually, reading over them for commonalities and key phrases. We created charts which depicted word frequency in order to compare between candidates. We realized that we’re potentially overlooking phrases and words, and the use of bar charts didn’t depict the emphasis these candidates placed on words and phrases. In order to display this emphasis we opted to use wordclouds.com in order to generate word clouds that contained every word in the speeches we were analyzing. We looked at as many accessible campaign speeches that we could find on the pre-determined sources we wanted to use. From our initial analysis of individual speeches we were able to find quotations that highlight direct references to the dynastic grouping.

The Kennedy Dynasty

Word Clouds Exhibiting the Frequency of Words Used by Each Kennedy Brother During Their Campaigns for President

President John F. Kennedy’s 1960 Campaign

This word cloud depicts John F. Kennedy’s frequent use of the word “Democratic,” which appears a total of seventy-nine times. Additionally, Kennedy refers to “Roosevelt” a total of thirty-eight times. Finally, JFK makes statements referring to “President” one hundred thirty six times and the “Presidency” twenty-two times.

Speeches Curated from the American Presidency Project: “Address of Senator John F. Kennedy Accepting the Democratic Party Nomination for the Presidency of the United States – Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles.”

Speeches Curated from the John F. Kennedy Library: “California Democratic Council Convention, Fresno, California, February 12, 1960,” “Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961,” “Indiana Primary Announcement, Indianapolis, Indiana, February 4, 1960,” “Remarks at the Democratic Club Dinner, Spokane, Washington, February 11, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at a Rotary Club Meeting, Nashua, New Hampshire, January 25, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Luncheon, East Chicago, Indiana, February 5, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic State General Committee Luncheon, Roseburg, Oregon, February 9, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Student Convocation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, February 12, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Stutusman County Democratic Committee Dinner, Jamestown, North Dakota, February 6, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at the Lake County Women’s Club Breakfast Gary, Indiana, February 5, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at the Nationality Building Fund Committee Dinner, Gary, Indiana, February 4, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at the Roosevelt Birthday Ball, Salt Lake City, Utah, January 30, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at the Young Democrats Luncheon, Bismarck, North Dakota, February 6, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Western Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 7, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy, “The Presidential Primary and Your Vote,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy, “Victory in ’60” Luncheon, Salt Lake City, Utah, January 30, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy, Democratic Party’s 1960 Presidential Campaign Kick-off Dinner, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C., January 23, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy, Nevada State Legislature, Carson City, Nevada, February 1, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy, New York Central Democratic Committee Dinner, New York, February 13, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy, Oregon Chamber of Commerce, Newport, Oregon, February 10, 1960,” “Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy, Whitewater College, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, February 16, 1960,” “Speech of Senator John F. Kennedy, In the Senate, Tuesday, January 26, 1960,” “Statement of Senator John F. Kennedy Announcing His Candidacy for the Presidency of the United States, January 2, 1960, ” “Statement of Senator John F. Kennedy, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, January 21, 1960,” “West Virginia Primary Announcement, February 4, 1960.”

(see Bibliography #70-95)

Robert F. Kennedy’s 1968 Campaign

This word cloud shows how Robert F. Kennedy mentioned “Vietnam” twenty-eight times in his speeches, taking the place of his ninth most frequent word. RFK referred to “violence” sixteen times. Pronouns like “we” were not counted, however RFK said “can” as his third most said word, fifty-four times, which was often formulated in the phrase “we can.”

Speeches Curated from the John F. Kennedy Library: “Remarks at the University of Kansas, March 18, 1968,” “Remarks to the Cleveland City Club, April 5, 1968,” “Statement on Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Indianapolis, Indiana, April 4, 1968.”

Speeches Curated From The Harold Wesiberg Archive: “Announcement of Candidacy for President, March 19, 1968.”

Speeches Curated From AngelFire: “Transcript of Kennedy Primary Victory Speech.”

(See Bibliography #96-100)

Edward Kennedy’s 1980 Campaign

This word cloud of Edward’s DNC speech highlights how he said “Hope” twelve times, which is fifth most frequent word. Edward says “Democratic ” eleven times, “Roosevelt” four times and “prosperity” seven times. Edward’s fourth most said word is “party ” which is in reference to both the democratic and the Republican Party.

Speech Curated from the John F. Kennedy Library: “Address to the Democratic National Convention, New York City, August 12, 1980”  (See Bibliography #69)

“Finally, my decision reflects no personal animosity or disrespect toward President Johnson. He served President Kennedy with the utmost loyalty and was extremely kind to me and members of my family in the difficult months which followed the events of November of 1963…But the issue is not personal. It is our profound differences over where we are heading and what we want to accomplish…At stake is not simply the leadership of our party and even our country. It is our right to moral leadership of the planet.”

Robert F. Kennedy 1968 “Announcement of Candidacy for President”

The combined campaign speeches from all three Kennedy brothers demonstrates two key concerns: the democratic party and the country as a whole. Through frequent discussion of the state of the Presidency, the role of the President, and former Presidents like Franklin D. Roosevelt JFK hoped to bring the democratic party back to the ideals of the New Deal era. This focus is exhibited by his brother Edward who demonstrated concern for this issue in his DNC speech. Robert F. Kennedy shifted his focus to the state of the country, placing his concern on the key issues of the moment speaking frequently on the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, and the systematic racism and violence in America. RFK stands out in the discussion about Presidential Dynasties because he openly stated that his motivation to run for President was not a personal one, but because of concern over the state of the nation.

The Bush Dynasty

Word Clouds Exhibiting the Frequency of Words Used by George H.W., George, and Jeb Bush During Their Campaigns for President

George H. W. Bush’s 1988 Campaign

This word cloud showcases how in the campaign speeches analyzed George H.W. Bush says “Children” sixteen times as his 21st most frequent word, “friends” thirteen times, and “change” twelve times.

Speeches Curated from the American Presidency Project: “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans, August 18, 1988,” “Inaugural Address, January 20, 1989,” “The President-Elect’s News Conference in Houston, November 09, 1988.”

(See Bibliography #2,3,5)

George W. Bush’s 2000 Campaign

This Word Cloud demonstrates George W. Bush’s frequent use of the word “children,” appearing a total of forty-three times and taking place as the fourth most frequent word in the speeches analyzed. Additionally, “schools,” appears at #16 most frequent.

Speeches Curated from the American Presidency Project: “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, August 03, 2000,” “Address in Austin Accepting Election as the 43rd President of the United States, December 13, 2000,” “Inaugural Address, January 20, 2001,” “The President-Elect’s News Conference in Austin, December 15, 2000,” “Remarks Announcing Candidacy for the Republican Presidential Nomination, June 12, 1999,” “Remarks at the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, March 06, 2000,” “Remarks in Austin Following the ‘Super Tuesday’ Primaries, March 07, 2000,” “Remarks in Austin Following the ‘Super Tuesday II’ Primaries, March 14, 2000.”

(See Bibliography #6-13)

Jeb Bush’s 2016 Campaign

This word cloud demonstrates the frequency of words in Jeb’s “Campaign Launch.” He discusses “family” three times, and “future” four times. “School” is mentioned three times, and “education” is mentioned once.

Speech Curated from Time : “Jeb Bush’s Campaign Launch. June 15, 2015” (See Bibliography #102)

Through the compilation of these three word clouds, we were able to determine the frequency of words used by these presidential candidates in their speeches. A commonality that we found was the mention of the word “children,” by both George H. W. Bush and his son George W.. George H.W. Bush used this word sixteen times out of blank speeches, and it appeared as the 22nd most frequently said word in these speeches, demonstrating its importance to his campaign. Similarly, George W. Bush used “children” forty-three times in eight speeches, and it appeared as the fourth most frequent word he used. This emphasis on children reflects a commonality in the Bushes’ candidacy for president and is indicative of a connection between their ideas and their familial relationship. Also, all three Bushes use the terms “friend” and “neighbor” when addressing the audience, which appears to be an inherently Bush tactic. We argue that this portrays a reliability and accessibility that the Bushes use to their benefit, and helps to further their compassionate conservative positions. The Bushes take a unique approach to the Republican Party by bringing different ideals and focuses to their party that were not immediate priorities, like education reform and faith-based programs.

Comparison Between Statements Made by President George H.W. Bush and President George W. Bush in Their Respective Inaugural Addresses

“Some see leadership as high drama and the sound of trumpets calling, and sometimes it is that. But I see history as book with many pages, and each day we fill a page with acts of hopefulness and meaning. The new breeze blows, a page turns, the story unfolds. And so, today a chapter begins, a small and stately story of unity, diversity, and generosity–shared, and written, together.”

George H.W. Bush 1989 “Inaugural Address”

“We have a place, all of us, in a long story, a story we continue but whose end we will not see. It is a story of a new world that became a friend and liberator of the old, the story of a slaveholding society that became a servant of freedom, the thirty of a power that went into the word to protect but not possess, to defend but not to conquer. It is the American story, a story of flawed and fallible people united across the generations by grand and enduring ideals.”

George W. Bush 2001 “Inaugural Address”

The above quote demonstrates a direct reference by George W. Bush to his father’s Inaugural address. George H.W. Bush utilizes the language that compares history to a “book with many pages” towards the end of his address. This metaphor is scarred over to George W. Bush’s address where he at the beginning uses similar language stating that the American people have a place in a “long story.” By using this similar language at the beginning of his address he is directly continuing the sentiments of his father. These statements stand out because of how they compliment each other.

The Clinton Dynasty

Word Clouds Exhibiting the Frequency of Words Used by Bill and Hillary Clinton During Their Campaigns for President

President Bill Clinton’s 1992 Campaign

The 11th most frequent word spoken by Bill Clinton during his campaign for president was “work,” and his 19th most frequent word was “change.”

Speeches Curated from the American Presidency Project: “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in New York, July 16, 1992,” “Excerpts of Remarks in Little Rock, November 04, 1992,” “Excerpts of Remarks in Milwaukee, October 02, 1992,” “Excerpts of the President-Elect’s News Conference in Little Rock, November 12, 1992,” “Excerpts of the President-Elect’s News Conference in Little Rock, November 16, 1992,” “Excerpts of the President-Elect’s News Conference in Little Rock Announcing the Nomination of Lloyd Bentsen as Secretary of Treasury, December 10, 1992,” “Inaugural Address, January 20, 1993,” “Proclamation 6525–National Day of Fellowship and Hope, January 20, 1993,” “Remarks Announcing Candidacy for the Democratic Presidential Nomination, October 03, 1991.”

(See Bibliography #56-64)

Hillary Clinton’s 2008 and 2016 Campaign: Combination of the below Word Clouds

The word “families” appeared in the top twenty-five most frequently spoken words of Hillary’s 2008 and 2016 campaign. Also, it is interesting to note that in 2008 “women” was only the forty-fourth most frequent word in her campaign speeches, while in 2016 it was the 23rd most frequent.

Word Clouds from Hillary Clinton’s Respective 2008 and 2016 Campaigns for President

  • Hillary 2008
    Sources #14-55
  • Hillary 2016
    Sources #14-55

Speeches Curated from Iowa State University’s Archives of Women’s Political Communication: “2007 Jefferson Jackson Dinner, November 11, 2007,” “2008 Presidential Announcement, January 20, 2007,” “American Health Choices Plan, September 17, 2007, “AIPAC, March 21, 2016,” “Democratic National Committee Summer Meeting, September 01, 2015,” “Detroit NAACP 61st Annual Fight for Freedom Fund Dinner, April 22, 2016,” “Economic Speech, July 13, 2015,” “Global Summit on AIDS and the Church, November 29, 2007,” “Hillary Clinton speaks at Town Hall Meeting in Flint, Michigan, February 12, 2016,” “Housing and the Mortgage Crisis, August 07, 2007,” “Immigration in Brooklyn, December 14, 2015,” “In Sioux City, December 04, 2015,” “Innovation and Economy, May 31, 2007,” “International Association of Fire Fighters Bipartisan Forum, March 14, 2007,” “Kentucky Primary Victory Speech, May 20, 2008,” “Long-Term Care Insurance, August 15, 2007,” “Making a Cure for Alzheimer’s Possible by 2025, December 29, 2015,” “Meet the Press Interview, January 13, 2008,” “Meeting with the Daily News Editorial Board, April 11, 2016,” “Modern Progressive Vision: A Shared Prosperity, May 29, 2007,” “More Quality Healthcare, August 23, 2007,” “Nevada Caucuses Victory Speech, February 20, 2016,” “New Hampshire Democratic Party Convention, September 19, 2015,” “New Hampshire Primary Victory Speech, January 08, 2008,” “Official Campaign Launch, June 13, 2015,” “Pay Equality Roundtable Discussion, April 12, 2016,” “Remarks at the Brookings Institution on the Iran Deal, September 09, 2015,” “Remarks at the Launch of Asian American and Pacific Islander’s for Hillary, January 07, 2016,” “Remarks Following the Iowa Caucuses, January 03, 2008,” “Remarks Following the Super Tuesday Primaries, February 05, 2008,” “Remarks in Miami on the Cuba Embargo, August 01, 2015,” “Remarks on Expanding Pre-K, May 21, 2007,” “Super Tuesday, Miami, Florida, March 01, 2016,” “Temple for the Performing Arts, July 10, 2007,” “The War in Iraq, February 07, 2007,” “U.S. Conference of Mayors, June 20, 2015,” “Victory Speech after the Iowa Caucus, February 01, 2016,” “Victory Speech, March 15, 2016,” “Virginia’s 2015 Jefferson-Jackson Dinner, June 26, 2015,” “Wall Street Housing Crisis, December 05, 2007,” “Women and Public Leadership, October 24, 2007,” “Women for Hillary Clinton Launch, September 16, 2015.”

(See Bibliography #14-55)

Bill Clinton’s campaign largely focused on the need for change from not only the former administration, but even the way that the Democratic Party had previously existed. He was a large advocate for change and also wanted the middle-class to prosper in his administration as he emphasized the importance of working and their re-identification from forgotten to prominent. Similar to Bill’s focus on the middle-class Americans, Hillary Clinton also placed emphasis on these Americans, especially in her 2008 campaign where she really emphasized the family and American families as crucial to her campaign platform. Additionally, Hillary’s alignment with her husband’s 1992 campaign is more prominent in 2008 than in 2016, as we consider the way that certain words or concepts are emphasized. In 2008, the word “change” was the 54th most frequently spoken word in Hillary’s campaign speeches, but in 2016 it dropped down to 123rd most frequent. With her second attempt at a presidential run, she seemed to be separating herself more from her husband, by creating more of her own platforms rather than jumping on the backs of his. Another example of this is the use of the word “women” in Hillary’s campaign from 2008 to 2016. This change may be indicative of her separation from her husband and party’s platform that she stood more strongly with in 2008, as she attempted to pave her own way and emphasize issues pertaining to women specifically in 2016.

Comparison Between Hillary’s References to President Clinton in her 2008 and 2016 Campaigns

“I was thinking how, in 1991 and ’92, when Bill and I were here campaigning as he was running for president, we actually focused on the issue of home foreclosures. Some of you might remember…Well, we all took a big sigh of relief during the 1990s, didn’t we? And we didn’t face a lot of these economic problems that just cut right to the heart of the American dream for hard-working families like Christie’s and like Michael and Jenna and others. Well, here we are; we’re back again.”

Hillary Clinton 2007, “Housing and Mortgage Crisis”

“You know I am not running for my husband’s third term, or President Obama’s third term, I’m running for my first term. I will proudly carry forward this record of democratic achievement, we know what works, and what doesn’t. It works when middle-class families get a raise.”

Hillary Clinton 2015, “New Hampshire Democratic Party Convention”

The above quote demonstrates Hillary’s attempt to align herself with her husband’s presidency in 2007 by recalling his successful moments and connecting herself to them, as she says, “here we are; we’re back again.” While in contrast, in her mention of her husband in 2015, Hillary makes sure she is not believed to be riding on his coattails, and instead makes it clear that she is “running for [her] first time,” not Bill’s “third.”

So What? The Implications of the Presidential Dynasty

The three Bushes demonstrated the frequent use of the words “friend” and “neighbor,” which appears to be unique to them and is possibly a link to the message they personally are trying to convey through their familial connection. This differs from both the Kennedy and Clinton dynasties, demonstrating the impact that the Bushes in particular had on the Republican Party, as these terms have become linked to their displays of compassionate conservatism. One of the main themes of John F. Kennedy’s speeches was discussing the state of the Democratic party and the Presidency itself. JFK sought to invoke the ideals of the “New Deal” era of the Democratic party, stating many times what kind of president was needed throughout history and what was needed in the 1960s. RFK differed from his brother by not discussing the presidency itself but still demonstrated concern over the state of the country, with one of his major concerns being the systemic racism across the country. The Kennedys began to usher the party into the modern era by responding to crises of the time while building off fundamental Democratic ideals. A concern over the preservation of the party is seen in Edward Kenney’s speech at the 1980 Democratic National Convention. Bill Clinton’s emphasis on “change,” the forgotten middle-class, and professions of unity that come to embody the Third Way philosophy that has come to represent the Democratic Party beyond his presidency is all reflected in the campaign speeches of his wife in both 2008 and 2016. The Clintons have had an elemental impact on the shaping of the Modern Democratic Party through their use of similar rhetoric and policy aims. In addition to their similarities, Hillary exhibited differences in strategy from 2008 to 2016 in the way that she mentioned her husband’s presidency. She seemed more concerned with distancing from his presidency and wanting to pave her own way, as seen in the above figure. We want to make the case that these findings illustrate Hillary’s use of the dynastic connection as a strategic move in her campaigns, and the way that this differs once she has made a more prominent name for herself outside of her husband, and as her husband’s legacy may be less memorable to the audience she is engaging with. Despite this distancing, her foundational politics remained similar in her adherence to the Democratic party that her family dynasty helped to cultivate.

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  32. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Meeting with the Daily News Editorial Board, April 11, 2016.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/hillary-clinton-meets-with-the-news-editorial-board-april-11-2016/
  33. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Modern Progressive Vision: A Shared Prosperity, May 29, 2007.”  Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/modern-progressive-vision-a-shared-prosperity-may-29-2007/. 
  34. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “More Quality Healthcare, August 23, 2007.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/21/more-quality-healthcare-aug-23-2007/.
  35. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Nevada Caucuses Victory Speech, February 20, 2016.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/nevada-caucuses-victory-speech-feb-20-2016/.
  36. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “New Hampshire Democratic Party Convention, September 19, 2015.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/hillary-clintons-speech-at-the-new-hampshire-deomocratic-party-convention-sept-19-2015/.
  37. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “New Hampshire Primary Victory Speech, January 08, 2008.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/new-hampshire-primary-victory-speech-jan-8-2008/.
  38. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Official Campaign Launch, June 13, 2015.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/official-campaign-launch-june-13-2015/
  39. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Pay Equality Roundtable Discussion, April 12, 2016.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/21/remarks-on-pay-equality-during-a-roundtable-discussion-hosted-by-glassdoor-apr-12-2016/.
  40. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Remarks at the Brookings Institution on the Iran Deal, September 09, 2015.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/21/remarks-at-the-brooking-institution-on-the-iran-deal-sep-9-2015/.
  41. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Remarks at the Launch of Asian American and Pacific Islander’s for Hillary, January 07, 2016.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/remarks-at-the-launch-of-asian-american-and-pacific-islanders-for-hillary-jan-7-2016/.
  42. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Remarks Following the Iowa Caucuses, January 03, 2008.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/remarks-following-the-iowa-caucuses-jan-3-2008/.
  43. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Remarks Following the Super Tuesday Primaries, February 05, 2008.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/remarks-following-the-super-tuesday-primaries-feb-5-2008/.
  44. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Remarks in Miami on the Cuba Embargo, August 01, 2015.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/21/remarks-in-miami-on-the-cuba-embargo-aug-1-2015/.
  45. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Remarks on Expanding Pre-K, May 21, 2007.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/remarks-on-expanding-pre-k-may-21-2007/. 
  46. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Super Tuesday, Miami, Florida, March 01, 2016.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/hillary-clinton-super-tuesday-speech-march-1-2016/.
  47. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Temple for the Performing Arts, July 10, 2007.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/speech-at-the-temple-for-the-performing-arts-july-10-2007/.
  48. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “The War in Iraq, February 07, 2007.”  Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/senate-floor-speech-on-the-war-in-iraq-feb-7-2007/. 
  49. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “U.S. Conference of Mayors, June 20, 2015.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/remarks-at-the-2015-u-s-conference-of-mayors-june-20-2015/.
  50. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Victory Speech after the Iowa Caucus, February 01, 2016.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/hillary-clinton-victory-speech-after-the-iowa-caucuses-feb-1-2016/.
  51. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Victory Speech, March 15, 2016.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/march-15th-victory-speech-march-15-2016/.
  52. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Virginia’s 2015 Jefferson-Jackson Dinner, June 26, 2015.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/remarks-at-virginias-2015-jefferson-jackson-dinner-june-26-2015/.
  53. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Wall Street Housing Crisis, December 05, 2007.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/remarks-on-the-wall-street-housing-crisis-dec-5-2007/.
  54. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Women and Public Leadership, October 24, 2007.” Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication. Accessed November 05, 2020. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/21/women-and-public-leadership-oct-24-2007/.
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  66. Friedersdorf, Conor. Photograph. Jeb Bush Has Learned the Wrong Lessons from His Family Tradition. The Atlantic, October 22, 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/jeb-bush-has-learned-the-wrong-lessons-from-his-family/411604/. 
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